Policy and failure twenty years on – part one, Afghanistan 

Brian M Downing Two decades have passed since the 9/11 attacks. Two decades of wars, expenditures, casualties, and failures. As US troops left Afghanistan last month President Biden pointed out that we’d killed Osama bin Laden but that hardly addressed the entirety of the operations.  In another twenty years assessments Read More …

The decisions to pull back from wars, part two: elite opposition

Brian M Downing  Early concerns and defections  Shortly after the Vietnam  buildup in 1965, Sen William Fulbright (D-Arkansas) chaired hearings. Foreign policy and military experts, including George F Kennan questioned the strategic justifications for the war and the way it was being fought. Fulbright’s investigations were on television. Public support for the Read More …

The decisions to pull back from wars, part one: popular opposition to Vietnam and Afghanistan 

Brian M Downing  In 1965 the US took on the main combat load in Vietnam. Each year saw more US troops, more fighting and casualties, and few if any signs of progress. Two years in, popular and elite opposition was rising. The following year public opposition was all the higher Read More …